Introduction to Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer (after breast cancer) affecting women today. In the last 15 years, occurrence of this disease has escalated in women under the age of 35. Even so, it is much more likely to occur in women over 35. 

There have been a significant number of cases of cervical cancer in our community, some leading to serious complications, and even deaths. These could be prevented if detected early. In majority of cases, complete cure is even possible. A Cervical Smear Test is an effective method of detecting any abnormal change in the cervical cells, which can then be treated before cancer develops. 

The cervix is the lower part of the womb or uterus. It is made up of cells which are like those on the inside of one’s cheek.  

Causes of Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer develops from cells lining the neck of the womb (cervix). Usually, these cells first develop abnormal changes, which then become cancerous. 

A number of factors increase a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer. These include: 

·        Sexually transmitted diseases-One infection in particular, caused by a  genital wart virus (called Human Papilloma Virus) is found in a number of cases of cervical cancer.

·         A weakened immune system

·       Women, who have frequent sexual contact from an early age with a  number of partners, have higher chances of developing a pre-malignant condition.

·       Smoking is also linked with cervical cancer. It appears to increase a woman’s susceptibility to the disease.

Symptoms

Often there are no symptoms when abnormal cells have developed in the early stages of the disease, which is why women are encouraged to attend early cervical screening.

When symptoms do occur they include: 

·        Bleeding between menstrual periods or after intercourse

·        Discomfort or pain during intercourse

·        Unusual vaginal discharge 

The Smear Test

Women between the ages of 20-65, and who have had intercourse are strongly urged to have smear tests every 3-5 years. A family doctor or clinic would normally guide patients, and even arrange for such tests to be conducted on a regular basis. 

Because of the nature of the test, most women initially find the procedure uncomfortable; however one should make all efforts in overcoming this barrier. 

The test normally lasts for 5-10 minutes and is not painful. Results are usually ready in about 3-6 weeks. 

Treatment

When the doctor diagnoses a condition that might be pre-malignant, the abnormal cells should be removed so that a cancer does not develop.  There are several ways of destroying abnormal cells such as freezing, heat or laser. The procedure is usually performed in an outpatient clinic. Rarely, in-hospital treatment, with a general anesthetic, may be required. 

If the stages of cancer have advanced further, other treatment options are necessary such as: 

Surgery-This is usually the best form of treatment for cancer which has not spread to other areas.

Radiotherapy & Chemotherapy- These forms of treatment are usually needed when cancer has begun to invade other areas. 

Finally, the main emphasis is on prevention. Pre- cancerous cells can develop in women at any time, therefore it is important to undergo a smear test at least every 3 years.